The Greeks threatened the painstakingly constructed post-Napoleonic order. There were three million of them, Christians who lived across an area stretching from the Greek mainland to Cyprus to the coasts of Asia Minor to Constantinople itself, all within an Ottoman Empire whose decline was the subject of open diplomatic speculation. ‘What is Greece?’ Metternich had asked when the prospect of an independent Greek state was raised at the Congress of Vienna. No one could give a precise reply.
The Greek Revolution: 1821 and the Making of Modern Europe by Mark Mazower. When the Greek revolution began in earnest has never been in doubt. When it ended – in 1832, with the recognition of the Kingdom of Greece; or in 1843, with the bloodless revolution against King Otto that resulted in the establishment of a constitutional monarchy; or even in 1922, with the Greek irredentist thrust into Anatolia that ended with the burning of Smyrna – is more difficult to say.