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“... now so largely accepted; but it forms no part of my duty here to argue on the general question.’ Paul Ekman puts it more strongly: Darwin conspicuously ignores the possibility that these expressions have been preserved and modified because of their adaptive value in providing information to other members of the species. Burkhardt has offered two ...”

“... suspect bit of European conceptualisation. Now universal emotions have returned with a vengeance. Paul Ekman led the charge, in parallel to but independently of Chomsky’s cognitive revolution. After doing clinical work on emotions and the body, and a stint as a US army psychologist, he travelled to New Guinea to see for himself, and made observations ...”

“... system – called Facial Action Coding System – developed in the 1970s by the psychologists Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen helps to translate facial movements into corresponding emotions. It is currently in use in American airports under a programme called Screening Passengers by Observation Techniques (SPOT): specially trained officers look out ...”

“... no appeal, the one ‘likeness’ guaranteed to show you looking the way you never want to look. Paul Fussell called it ‘the most egregious little modernism’, redolent of ‘the world of Prufrock and Joseph K and Malone’, and indeed every time my photo is scrutinised by a passport officer, it’s as if I’ve entered that same world of anxiety and ...”