God bless Italy
Christopher Clark: Rome, Vienna, 1848, 10 May 2018
The Pope Who Would Be King: The Exile of Pius IX and the Emergence of Modern Europe
by David I. Kertzer.
Oxford, 474 pp., £25, May 2018,978 0 19 882749 8 Show More
by David I. Kertzer.
Oxford, 474 pp., £25, May 2018,
“... the stern and reactionary Gregory XVI. The old pope had died at the age of eighty; the new man, who adopted the name Pius IX, was 54, with a warm personality and a cheerful, winning manner. Whereas Gregory had begun his reign in 1831 with a campaign of violent repression, Pius’s first official act was to proclaim a blanket amnesty for the political ... ”